In 1986, Howard and Connie Cleary’s daughter, Jeanne, a student at Lehigh University, was murdered on campus. In addition to founding the non-profit Security on Campus, Inc. in 1987, they lobbied for a new federal law that would require colleges and universities to disclose both ongoing and annual reports on campus crime and security policy.Originally enacted by the Congress in 1990 as the Crime Awareness and Campus Security Act of 1990, the law was codified as part of the Higher Education Act of 1965 and made applicable to all postsecondary institutions participating in federal student aid programs. It was renamed the Clery Act – specifically, the Jeanne Clery Disclosure of Campus Security Policy and Campus Crime Statistics Act – after a round of amendments were made to the Act in 1998.

Annual report cards
The Clery Act mandates that schools publish annual reports by October 1st detailing the previous three years of campus crime statistics. Also required are explanations of existing sexual assault policies, statements attesting to a basic level of victims’ rights, a description of the campus law enforcement authority and contact information for students to report crimes.

Crime statistic and categories

The definition of “campus” is important to understanding the data. Schools keep (and report on) statistics for crimes that occur directly on campus, on some off-campus facilities like fraternities and sororities (“Greek housing”), remote classrooms, in school vehicles (buses, trams) and in certain public areas that border school property. The county sheriff, local police forces, campus police and security personnel all contribute statistics and statements to the Clery Act report, as do other school staff, employees or officials that have “significant responsibility for student and campus activities.” Schools are encouraged, but not required, to have confidential reporting procedures. However, once they opt to establish such a system, they are then required to inform the campus community of its existence. As mental health professionals and ministers are exempt from the reporting obligations, a confidential reporting system could capture enough additional crime data to affect a school’s objective safety rating.There are seven reporting categories for campus crime, several of which have additional sub-categories. The categories are outlined in the following manner:

• Homicide
• Murder and non-negligent manslaughter
• Negligent manslaughter
• Sex offenses
• Forcible offenses including rape
• Non-forcible offenses
• Robbery
• Aggravated assault
• Burglary
• Vehicular theft
• Arson

There is also a lesser category (“incident”) that must be reported if there is a disciplinary referral to the campus judicial affairs office, or an arrest by a law enforcement agency. The incidents that require reporting include all types of liquor law violations, all drug law violations and weapons possession. Only the arrest is counted if a student is both arrested and given a school referral.Timeliness and responsibility
Unless a student is a victim, perpetrator or witness, the way most students even become remotely aware of the Clery Act is by the occasional “timely warnings” that schools publicize, as well as the separate, comprehensive crime log they make available for public inspection. The decision to issue a “timely warning” is a subjective one on the part of the school administration, and is normally considered only when a person or act is deemed to pose an imminent and/or ongoing “threat to students and employees.” The public log must be available for viewing by any interested party, not just persons affiliated with the particular school. The log must contain records of everything that is reported to campus police or security personnel, and is to be continuously updated in a manner specified by the Act.

Using the data
The crime information is not collected merely for the sake of amassing statistics. There is a very real responsibility on the part of postsecondary institutions to provide a safe and healthy environment for scholastic pursuits. Crime on campus, of all levels and kinds, is antithetical to the very notion of the university, a place of contemplation, problem-solving, creative beauty of every kind and the dynamism we associate with education, discovery and free inquiry.

The Criminal Justice System of England and Wales includes such organisations as the police, the courts, and The Crown Prosecution Service and refers broadly to the way in which they operate on a national and local level to control crime and to uphold law. Although, such phenomena as 9/11 and 7/7, the recent popularity of the Wire, and the tabloid media’s zeal for disclosing “information” about criminal/terrorist networks has promoted the need to debate and question the powers and the systems used by our law enforcers, there are other reasons for people with an interest in crime to consider studying a Criminal Justice degree.

The first thing for prospective Criminal Justice students to acknowledge is the diverse range of career opportunities open to an individual after graduation. A Criminal Justice degree is not only well-suited to someone who might like to work as a ‘bobby on the beat’ in a small town police station, or for the CID in a more fast-paced city environment. There is also every reason that a graduate may be able to embark on a career in law, possibly as a barrister or lawyer. Additionally, there is also the chance to focus on community-based work, such as rehabilitation for juveniles or ex-offenders.

However, Criminal Justice degrees not only teach how to enforce and uphold laws, but there is also almost as much of a focus on the analysis of why crime exists in the first place. This might include study of the social and economic implications on areas of high crime and why extremes and types vary from place to place. There is also considerable study of the notion of criminality, and the important acknowledgment of the scale of crime.

A Criminal Justice degree today will also typically deal with the most relevant and recent areas of law and crime. These might include human rights, racism, terrorism, and the key issues therein. It is also possible to study such a future-orientated subject in the most up to date manner via home study or a course online, as well as by more traditional means.Yet, perhaps one of the most important aspects of studying Criminal Justice is the responsibility gained when graduating and moving into a law-based job. Whilst being overseen by government bodies such as The Ministry of Justice and The Home Office, the future of law and the Criminal Justice system is very much in the hands of the ground-level enforcers and community workers who view crime first hand.